Exploring pneumoconiosis "Q and A 101" Page

(A) Cardiopulmonary structure and function
Lung structure and function Q1. What builds up the structure from the trachea to the alveoli?
Q2. How many alveoli are there and how are they structured?
Q3. What is the alveolus function?
Relation between the heart and lungs Q4. What constitutes the heart?
Q5. How does blood flow?
Q6. What effects do lung disorders have on the heart?
Mine dust removal functions Q7. What is the role of the nose?
Q8. What are the role of the trachea and bronchi?
Q9. What is the role of alveoli?
Q10. What is the role of macrophages?
Q11. What is the role of the lymph?
(B) Pneumoconiosis
Definition of pneumoconiosis Q12. How is the disease defined by pneumoconiosis law?
Q13. What is the labor standard director notification (base emission No. 250)
Q14. How is pneumoconiosis law related with director notification?
Q15. In short, how are disorders defined by the present pneumoconiosis law?
Clinical & pathological definition Q16. What is the progress to pneumoconiosis onset?
Q17. What is so-called fibrotic change?
Shifting each part of the lung Q18. What is the main shift of the alveoli?
Q19. What characteristics does thick bronchial shift have?
Q20. What is thin bronchial shift?
Q21. What is secondary bronchitis?
Q22. What is the relation between chronic bronchitis and secondary bronchitis?
Q23. How does the vascular system change?
Q24. What is Cor pulmonale?
Q25. What changes does dust bring about throughout the body?
(C) Pneumoconiosis characteristics
Q26. What is an outline of symptoms?
Q27. What are cough characteristics?
Q28. What are sputum characteristics?
Q29. What is shortness of breath?
Q30. What is dyspnea?
Q31. How is dyspnea classified?
Q32. What is palpitation?
Pneumoconiosis irreversibility Q33. If you refer to irreversibility, what do you mean?
Q34. What sites are controlled by reversibility?
About pneumoconiosis' progression Q35. What factors advance the progress of pneumoconiosis?
Q36. What are pathological characteristics of progressive pneumoconiosis?
Q37. What is the history of the research into progressive pneumoconiosis?
Q38. What is the outline of Dr. Isamu Ebiharafs survey?
Q39. What is an outline about how the mine workersf disease have advanced since leaving the Hosokura mine.
(D) Pneumoconiosis' diagnostic procedures
Q40. How is pneumoconiosis diagnosed?
Q41. How do you examine the patientsf mine dust inhalation records?
Q42. How do you establish a chest x-ray diagnosis?
Q43. What is diagnosis by lung function?
Q44. How do you evaluate the symptoms?
Q45. What do you have to examine in physical findings?
(E) Pneumoconiosis' treatment
Q46. What are the principles of pneumoconiosis treatment?
Q47. What are the contents of pneumoconiosis treatment?
Q48. How do you decrease mine dust?
Q49. What are cough treatments?
Q50. What are sputum treatments?
Q51. What do you think of the common view that we should aim at completing secondary bronchitis treatment in, at most, three months?
Q52. What is the significance of strengthening cardiopulmonary function?
Q53. What is the significance of early detection and treatment of complications?
(F) Pneumoconiosis' control classification decision procedure
Q54. How do you perform a pneumoconiosis control classification decision procedure?
Q55. What symptoms should you treat as those of pneumoconiosis in deciding control classification?
Q56. How do you confirm cough in control classification decisions?
Q57. How do you confirm sputum in control classification decisions?
Q58. What are Miller and Jones classifications?
Q59. How to evaluate shortness of breath.
Q60. How to evaluate palpitation.
Q61. What are pneumoconiosis diagnostic procedures in pneumoconiosis law?
Q62. How do you examine patientsf mine dust inhalation records?
Q63. What are the basics of chest x-ray handling?
Q64. What about reading images of "granular shadow"?
Q65. What about reading images of "an irregular model shade"?
Q66. What is "great density"?
Q67. What about reading images of attendance view?
Q68. How is lung function defined in the pneumoconiosis law?
Q69. What is percentage vital capacity (%VC)?
Q70. How is the standard of "remarkable lung functional disorders" evaluated by %VC?
Q71. What is the "1 second rate"?
Q72. How is the standard of "remarkable lung functional disorders" evaluated using the "1 second rate"?
Q73. What is V25/height?
Q74. How is the standard of "remarkable lung functional disorders" evaluated by V25/height?
Q75. What is AaDO2?
Q76. How are lung functional disorders evaluated by AaDO2?
Q77. How are X-ray images and lung function related with control classification?
Q78. What do you have to examine in physical findings?
(G) Complications in pneumoconiosis law
Q79. What kinds of complications are there?
Q80. What is secondary bronchitis?
Q81. How is tuberculosis defined?
Q82. What is tubercular pleurisy?
Q83. What is secondary pneumothorax?
Q84. What is secondary bronchiectasis?
Q85. How is lung cancer dealt with?
(H) Medical treatment on pneumoconiosis workmen's accident
Outline of pneumoconiosis treatment Q86. What is basic thought of pneumoconiosis treatment?
Q87. What are main treatments of pneumoconiosis?
Q88. Do you take up the problems of mine dust and cigarettes, either?
Q89. How do you fortify cardiopulmonary function?
Q90. What about cough treatment?
Q91. How do you promote sputum discharge?
Q92. What do you think of chemotherapy (antibiotic) administration?
Q93. What about early detection and treatment of complications?
(I) Problems of pneumoconiosis law and application
Q94. What do you mean if you say that secondary bronchitis should get better in three months?
Q95. If you refer to "control classification", which means the classification of "healthy conditions", shouldnft you rephrase it as "disorder classification"?
Q96. When you refer to "necessary medical treatment", what kind of damage is it categorized into?
Q97. What do you think of the criticism that Japanese x-ray image diagnosis is less strict than ILO classification, which results in more designated victims?
Q98. What do you think of the criticism that V25/height inspection is not significant to designate patients as pneumoconiosis victims?
Q99. What do you think of evaluating the "remarkable disorder" of lung function on the basis of arterial blood gas analysis?
Q100. What is respiratory hypersensitivity?
Q101. Why donft you regard lung cancer as a kind of pneumoconiosis complication, unless it comes under "control 4"?
Q102. What is CR?
Q103. What is CT?
Q104. What is a periodic medical checkup and how often is it enforced?


You can get the corresponding Japanese translation by clicking on a question number.

(A) Cardiopulmonary structure and function
ELung structure and function
Q1. What is the alveolus structure from the trachea?
Lungs are situated on either side and below the central trachea extending in 2 branches from the mediastinum and heart. After bronchi branch out to about 9 branches those bronchiole's 9 branches finally become alveoli. There is cartilage in the bronchus but not in the bronchiole. For bronchiole respiration, branching of the alveolus can be seen on the lung walls to consist of about 4 bronchi. Alveoli consist of an alveolus airway and an alveolar sac.
Q2. What are the number of alveoli and structure?
Alveoli are formed for the primary function of oxygen intake and carbon dioxide expulsion. Taken as a whole, they consist of bags so numerous that the surface area of these eight hundred million bits of human flesh is about equal to a tennis court.
Q3. What is the alveolus function?
In addition to functions including carbon dioxide gas exhaust of and oxygen intake, another lung function is to ensure that the bronchi maintain an open air pathway. Lungs are rich in flexible fibers that can shrink and swell leaving no persisting resistant impression - similar to a spring; in this way bronchial obstruction is prevented after exhaling. Emphysema for instance, causes destruction of this fiber and is connected to difficulty in exhaling.
ERelation between the heart and lungs
Q4. What is the heart constitution?
The human heart is about the size of a fist - having a ventricle and an atrium individually on the right and left. Ventricles do the work of a pump - accumulating blood in the first phase of pumping and never idle are the atria - each one called an atrium.
Q5. What about blood flow?
Due to the left heart system activity of sending blood to the whole body and the right heart system's oxygenation and carbon dioxide gas discharge, etc. the right heart necessarily sends blood to the lungs.
Q6. What are lung disorders' influence on the heart?
Disorders of the left heart system exert various influences on the lung so that if there is a disorder in the lung, deleterious effects are directly felt in the right heart system in a very direct and close relation.
EMine dust removal functions
Q7. What is the role of the nose?
There are small hairs in the nostrils of the nose by which large dust particles are captured. Then, through the activity of mucous membranes,moisture is added to the air, making the particles heavy and mutually sticky. In this way, these heavy and adhesive dust particles are usually prevented from reaching further into the lungs.
Q8. What are the role of the trachea and bronchi?
On the surface of the bronchus and bronchiole are cilia hard at work eliminating foreign particles. Also there are bronchial glands and germinal cells which finally work to complete work at elimination of "mine dust" or other foreign substances.
Q9. What is the role of alveoli?
Because "mine dust" reaching the alveoli are generally small particles, upon exhaling, the particles are discharged from the body. Remaining dust may still exist in the alveolar periphery and various cells will gather as the foreign substance is recognized and attacked.
Q10. What is the role of macrophages?
These are the leading agents for foreign substance removal in the alveoli. They could be correctly called "eating cells", or "garbage cells". Macrophages that consume "mine dust" can not process those particles within their own cell interior and will call immune system cells and other agents to attempt to neutralize or expel the dust particles somehow. When cells that absorb foreign substances break, a different macrophage happens by to consume them. Usually they are carried to the bronchial system and outside the body immediately, or they enter into the main lymph flow of the rest of the body.
Q11. What is the role of the lymph?
Lymph nodes of the lung flow upward along pleura (the pleurae) in areas near the outside and rise from the inner portion toward the hilar. Along with their function in the work of immunity defense systems inside the lymph, "mine dust" is deposited to the lymph nodes.
(B) Pneumoconiosis
E Definition of pneumoconiosis
Q12. What is the definition in pneumoconiosis law?
It said that - "pneumoconiosis is essentially a disease occurring in fibrotic changes of the lungs affecting inhalation."
Q13. What about the labor standard director notification (base emission No.250)?
"By inhaling mine dust, fibrotic changes that happen inside the lung cause chronic and generally irreversible inflammation and emphysema throughout the respiratory tract" and alveolar space.
Q14. What is the relation between pneumoconiosis law and director notification?
Definitions of pneumoconiosis in law indicate the essential pathology resulting from living bodies ingesting mine dust. Director notification is defined with a form that shows fundamentals of emergency illness and various symptoms and disorders attached to pneumoconiosis patients.
Q15. How do you summarize the position of present pneumoconiosis law?
In definitions of pneumoconiosis law, "definition" includes director notification, although it differs little by mine dust type, quantity, inhalation conditions, worker age, fundamental disease, or essential indicators. Chronic bronchitis is an essential morbid state included in definition and I assert that it should not be listed merely as a "complication". The consequent pathological process that develops is irreversible and there is significance of treatment in various symptoms associated with it; if an irreversible disorder were caused by mine dust environment, we should take the position that it is the fault of an unsound labor environment.
EClinical & pathological definition
Q16. What is the progress to pneumoconiosis onset?
Part of the inhaled "mine dust" adheres to some point in the respiratory tract. Much of it is removed or neutralized with the work of the epithelium cell cilia of the bronchial mucous membranes, although much of it is discharged mixed with sputum. If it does extend its travels to the alveoli, macrophages appear from the wall of the lung to attack the particles. The cells having taken the "mine dust" internally, they then enter into the lymphatic vessel between the lungs and are carried to the lymph nodes to be accumulated there. Although the process is a normal immune-defense reaction up to this point, cells proliferate especially in the lymphatic glands, and as a result of silicic acid, the cells rupture and collagen fibers propagate. When the collagen fiber proliferates, the cells there destroy the structure of the gland. When the lymphatic gland is blocked by such destruction, "mine dust" inhaled subsequently comes to accumulate in the alveolar spaces. When this occurs, the alveolar wall ruptures and a neuroblast appears forming fiber and finally nodules. In other words,defense reactions become abnormal with this disorder.
Q17. What about so-called fibrotic changes?
Fibrotic changes are said to be the condition where fibrous components are increased to the point of influencing internal organ organization and structure. Proliferating shift increases distortion of the organ structure, and these fibers compose internal organs as a fundamental substance, increasing the incidence of granular structures, etc. This "granulized" foreign substance is formed, and to cover deficits in organization, it incorporates capillaries. Neuroblasts also form in the adjoining internal organ organization, incorporating even immune system agent cells - neutrocytes (white blood cells) - as it adds to its structure and grows.
EShifting each part of the lung
Q18. What is the main shift of the alveoli?
First of all, a mine dust nidus is made when the "mine dust" has entered from the bronchial system and the macrophages which consume "mine dust",etc. have gathered and produced the "nidus". Next, alveolitis occurs. Gathering macrophages recognize "mine dust" as a foreign substance, and destroy them while leaking various substances from inside cells which then cause inflammation. This process is also connected to fibrotic changes. Although emphysema appears in cases corresponding to obstruction associated with inflammatory shift of the upper respiratory tract and destruction of the alveolus wall by action of "mine dust", even the alveolar walls that are changed by emphysema are sometimes replaced by a small mascle replace type tissue.
Q19. What are thick bronchial shift characteristics?
Comparatively thick hypertrophic bronchus - hypertrophy goblet, secretion acceleration, proliferation of basal cells in the epithelium, squamous,elastic fibers bunch goblet, cricoid smooth muscleichronic hyperplastic bronchitisj, over long periods of atrophy, even orbiclar leio (atrophic bronchitis) will be conspicuous. The above are also pathological illustrations of chronic bronchitis.
Q20. What is thin bronchial shift?
Shift of muciferous epithelium cells, hypertrophy of orbiclar smooth muscle,and fiberization of bronchus mucous membrane occur in this organization.
Q21. What is secondary bronchitis?
There is no medical nomenclature of this disease. It is terminology persistently used in "pneumoconiosis law". According to law, usual pneumoconiosis sicknesses do not heal, and conditions where combinations of infectious bacteria result in indications comprising "secondary bronchitis" i.e. pus-containing sputum of more than 3ml occurring specifically in the early morning.
Q22. What is the relation between chronic bronchitis and secondary bronchitis?
In medical nomenclature, there are classifications of "primary" and "secondary". However, for secondary bronchitis in pneumoconiosis, circumstances are a little bit different. In the first place, the essence of pneumoconiosis sickness is that chronic bronchitis exists as an indication and has been indicated to a director in accordance with pneumoconiosis law. Also, when authorized in an examination paper of that diagnoses, British Medical Research Center (BMRC) lists the condition as "winter, daily, cough and sputum" according to the so called Fletcher standard. Although it may be said that it is nonexistent, bronchitis will become "secondary". Bacterial infections can, if they are short, be eased with antibiotics in several days in many cases. It is often mentioned that it "heals in 3 months" of "its own term" and that view seems to emerge with trial testimony. But by avirulent infection and in combination with bronchiolitis, it can outlast 3 months, and in not a few actual cases can continue with pus-containing sputum in progression over several years. Forced to consider "complications", we can establish that 3 months' formal "expected recovery" times must be a source of much confusion.
Q23. What about vasculature shift?
Centering around silicosis, the essence of pneumoconiosis disease arises from the body's removal action for mine dust compounds that have invaded into the lung occurring around blood vessel surroundings. Despite activities by various immune system agents and anti inflammatory substances, being unable to process mine dust, blood vessel destruction by granulation results in formation of a nodule (pneumoconiosis nodule).
Q24. What is Cor pulmonale?
Blood vessel destruction in the lung periphery gradually causes unavoidable increases in internal pressure to blood vessels in the body's interior. It combines with progressive pneumoconiosis and by progress of the fibrotic changes of the lung itself, and especially in combination with emphysema,influence is exerted on lung circulation and can cause hypertrophication (excessive growth) of the heart and blood vessel of the right heart system. When this happens to the degree that is related to a usual cardiopulmonary function, it becomes "a pulmonale" and the blood circulation functions in the whole body are affected, so that disorders are brought about as it progresses.
Q25. What are changes to the whole body?
Mine dust that enters into the lung enters into the lymph flow and is distributed throughout the whole body through blood circulation, especially accumulating in the liver, spleen, marrow, etc. and changing the entire body from what was originally a lung silicosis centered only in that part of the body. There are many such reports even aside from lung cancer of other internal organ cancers and combinations of immune disorders and collagen diseases.
(C) Pneumoconiosis characteristics
Q26. What is an outline of symptoms?
Cough, sputum, shortness of breath, dyspnea, and palpitation are some main indicators of pneumoconiosis.
Q27. What are cough characteristics?
Whenever mine dust is inhaled, coughing occurs because of stimulation and sputum. After that, sputum makes homeostasis through its strange bronchial affliction, and sputum causes cough again.
Q28. What about sputum characteristics?
Aside from bronchial lesions and bronchial hypertrophy with goblet fleshiness, although often seen in pneumoconiosis, accelerated secretion is most conspicuous. As a result, sputum increases. Blood vessel obstruction by lesions in the surroundings and even destruction of blood vessels themselves increase apparent secretions that appear during respiration and cause increased "sputum" volume.
Q29. What about shortness of breath?
This symptom will turn up most with disorders of the lung and heart. In the lung, "sclerosis" by fiberization and respiratory lesions (obstructive disorder), corresponds to oxygen insufficiency. In the heart, secondary disorders of the lung occur such as right heart failure.
Q30. What is dyspnea?
Although there is a difference in the actual feeling experienced by patients, this factor is best described as shortness of breath.
Q31. What about dyspnea classification?
Dyspnea is usually determined with the Hugh-Jones classification. First Degree: Work is performed similarly to others of the same age, walking, mountain or stair climbing is possible just as with a healthy person. Second Degree: Although obstructions are absent, the patient is unable to walk as others the same age up slopes and stairs. Third Degree: Although not able to walk as a healthy person on a level surface plain, the patient is still able to walk one km or more at her own pace. Fourth Degree: Person walking 50m or more needs to have a rest or is unable to continue. Fifth Degree: Shortness of breath occurs while changing clothes or speaking; therefore the person is usually unable to leave the home.
EPneumoconiosis irreversibility
Q33. What are situations of irreversibility?
Although pneumoconiosis is indicated as "an incurable sickness", that meaning is that pneumoconiosis nodules formed inside the lung, fibrous lung tissue, chronic bronchitis, and persistent Cor pulmonale advance even after ceasing work and that pathological disorders will then proceed differently in different individuals.
Q34. What are situations of reversibility where shift is acquired?
One goal of treatment is in reduction of a symptom or, if possible, several symptoms. "Cough suppressant medicines" that treat the "cough" aspect of a symptom that discharges "sputum" can also decrease the hypersensitive nature and contraction of the respiratory system. Inhaling and humidification to improve "sputum" discharge and even posture drainage can be powerful treatments for some symptoms. To improve the environment, mine dust countermeasures indoors and outside, and nonsmoking of friends and family are important. In this way, improvement and possible reversion of each respiratory lesion might occur. If pneumoconiosis symptoms are not serious, strength of muscular power through planned walks, and cardiopulmonary ability recovery along with other symptoms might improve with better circulation. Pneumoconiosis symptoms also rely on good rest, creating conditions where symptoms at the time of action are reduced and enabling the "reversible" part of the disease to reverse itself.
EAbout progression of pneumoconiosis
Q35. What are reasons for pneumoconiosis' progress?
Macrophages eat and remove mine dust invading the lungs when it reaches the alveolus. (Macrophage means literally "eating cell"). Mainly inorganic mine dust can not be processed in the cell, and after some period of time, the cells burst and the next macrophage eats those particles. This work continues over a long term and forms the basis for long term progress of the disease. By certain research, it has been demonstrated that this mine dust process can continue for more than 20 years. In other words, even after a worker leaves a certain occupation for 20 years, mine dust inhaled in previous years is processed in the body, being a source of irritation and disease in the body in the meantime. Also, during cell destruction, various substances are discharged, becoming a new infection resource and combining with other particles to form new reactions. This also becomes a cause of disease progress.
Q36. What are pathological characteristics of progressive pneumoconiosis?
About 0.5 to 5ƒÊm dust particles which reach the alveoli are eaten by the alveolus macrophage which live in the interstitial alveolus. These are mainly deposited in lymph flow and are carried to the lymph nodes. In the process, supplements through the uninuclear ball system keep the granuloma formation. Mine dust made forming and collecting around the alveolus without being able to enter lymph flow continue to destroy macrophages one after another and encourage formation of fibrous tissue with a promotive substance (A kind of monocaine, interleukin IL-I) which disperses and increases neuroblasts to promote collagen fiber. This process is not respiratory, though it is obvious in blood vessels surrounding the inner lung. So-called silicosis nodules in and around blood vessels destroy the blood vessels in an action resulting in the buildup of fibrous matter.
Q37. What is historic progress of research into pneumoconiosis progression?
Needless to say, pneumoconiosis clinical patient work for mine dust related illnesses is reported in not a few cases that continue to advance even after a patient leaves work. The literature is fairly old and comprises an accepted body of medical common sense. On the other hand, group analyses of frequency and background factors are not so numerous. The report of Dr.Isamu Ebihara of the Institute for Science and Labor is famous in our country. Even we are reporting and analyzing patient progress after the Hosokura mine closing.
Q38. What about an outline of Dr. Isamu Ebihara's survey?
"Progress and a progressive model of pneumoconiosis X-ray views after patient resignation from occupation" (Labor Science 89' 4Vol.. 65-4P221-247) is a detailed thesis. Some of the main points are:
Q39. What is an outline of progression after the Hosokura mine abandonment?
Workmen's accident victims, 162 people, who were authorized for necessary medical treatment as miners resigned from their jobs at the closing of Hosokura mountain in 1987. As two respiratory ailment physicians, we examined progress through X-ray photographs. From the first photograph after work stoppage, although we examined respiratory changes from February 1993,the average observation period was 4 years and 9 months, and average age in the survey was 64.6 }6.2 years old, while the average mine dust record was 28.1}7.0 years. Progression was shown in 24 people, or 15%; over PR2 were 8.2%; over PR3 were 33.3%; and 5 people showed new large images. Advanced cases all had mine dust work records of over 21 years. Even total mine dust quantity is an important factor in disease progression. When the period after work stoppage is short, age at the time of work stoppage is important in young groups, mine dust activity inside the lung suggests the possibility that it is one element. This trend agrees with animal experiment results. In the 10 years time which has passed since work stoppage, certain amino acid radioisotopes (for example 11 C- methionin) were detected with a device called positron CT, and new "large shadows" on images became apparent, an absorption yield equal to lung cancer was shown. "Progression" of the disease over such a long time demonstrates for the naked eye the way that the body is changing on a cellular level. On the other hand, with regard to lung function examinations, diffusion of carbon monoxide that is assumed when disorder in the alveolus was generally detected, as compared with the alveolus and arterial blood oxygen range (AaDO2) progression group and non-progression group that are assumed when respiratory disorder is added to an already weakened system, the progressive group has a dominant position in results of dispersion ability and pneumoconiosis progress is shown to extend more into the alveoli.
(D) Pneumoconiosis' diagnostic procedures
Q40. How is pneumoconiosis diagnosed?
Mainly, diagnoses are from mine dust inhalation records, chest x-rays, lung function examinations, symptoms, body condition, etc.
Q41. How do you investigate mine dust inhalation records?
The basis item is that "mine dust" exists in the work environment. In pneumoconiosis law per the attached table, mine dust workplace is indicated. In addition to presence of mine dust, there are standards in pits, mines, construction sheds, etc. While consulting them, the absolute position is not so important. Causative substances are, but are not limited to the following which cause pneumoconiosis: silicic acid, various metal and organic dusts. After some period, we are going to announce inhalation records of mine dust substances.
Q42. What are chest x-ray diagnostic methods?
The basis is "a granular image". This is a picture of gathering pneumoconiosis nodules. In addition to this, there are gland shadows, lump state shadows, emphysema shadows, pleura manure patches, lymph nodes calcification, etc. Among them, we often find interstitial tissue change, which is common in cases of pneumoconiosis by asbestos, arc welder pneumoconiosis, and metal dust. Because a standard photograph is made in Japan, it can be evaluated on that basis. Entry methods are referred to in the pneumoconiosis handbook (Ministry of Labor).
Q43. What is diagnosis by lung function?
By pneumoconiosis nodule formation and growth of fibrous tissues, the lung hardens and causes a decrease in vital capacity. When respiratory disorders occur heavily, we can observe a decrease in vital capacity output per one second (1 second rate). Expiration speeds of running fluids for each lung's capacity (flow volume curve) and forms at several points of narrowed bronchi during exertion of effort are recorded and evaluated with running fluid velocity values. In pneumoconiosis law, values of speed for running fluids are done to the so-called 3/4 of vital capacity (V25/height) point. As a result of alveolus and respiratory disorders, evaluation of arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide gas quantity (partial pressure) is performed. Oxygen and carbon dioxide gas will shift with the quantity of efficient respiration,with the formula that fixes a certain value to effective respiration (the alveolus arterial blood oxygen range).
Q44. What about symptom evaluation?
For symptoms shown previously, from the degree and the time indicated by disease progress, I may pronounce it as related to mine dust work. Although degree of difficulty breathing is shown especially, here five degrees of the so-called Hugh-Jones classification are used. Although able to walk in degree ‡Von "level ground at their own pace for 1 kilometer, at the same pace of a person of the same sex, in the same period, and able to avoid shortness of breath, dyspnea, etc.", this should only be considered a base line for the patient. For bronchitis as a complication, standards of chronic bronchitis of England (an international standard, it is adopted also in our country), "Cough and sputum expired almost every day in winter" is shown as a standard. For sputum, in terms of quantity, more than 10ml a day (or more than 3ml in one hour in early morning), and for the condition (ratio of pus containing sputum more than 1/3) are used for determination and authorization. However, a person having a lot in other seasons, and even if, at a glance, pus appears nonexistent, infections (including similar substances) can sometimes be seen on close examination of sputum.
Q45. What do we see in the body situation?
In medical examination, for example, a special way of walking (condition of dyspnea), sputum conditions, and even edema, especially cyanosis (blue disease) which reflects low oxygen (anoxia) as well as stick finger (a stubbiness, or decrease in the angle in the fingertip and nail as a result of chronic low oxygen) can be found.
(E) Pneumoconiosis' treatment
Q46. What are principles of pneumoconiosis treatment?
From characteristics of pneumoconiosis, treatment is to "avoid further increases in ingestion of mine dust", to first make an effort to halt progressive and irreversible shifts. In principle, smoking patients must stop smoking. In addition, it is important to maintain good ventilation in a heated room. Then maintenance by "physiotherapy" of functions that remain while trying to strengthen them, and by "enantiopathy" to ease pain of daily life and improve whatever difficulties the patient suffers.
Q47. What are contents of pneumoconiosis treatment?
As stated above, decreasing mine dust is first. Next cough and sputum are measured,cardiopulmonary ability improved, and training of the body are used for treatment of complications.
Q48. How do you decrease mine dust?
As stated in the middle of control classification, you must avoid mine dust inhalation work environments as much as possible and decrease the influence of smoking and so-called second-hand smoking from friends, family, and colleagues. Home heating exhaust and even inhalation of road dust deserve attention.
Q49. What are cough treatments?
Coughing wastes a lot of a patient's physical energy and is one symptom of a strong pain. Especially, nighttime coughs cause sleep disorders and cause exhaustion of physical strength. It is necessary to evaluate and stop coughing effectively because influenza and bronchitis are causes of coughing.
Q50. What are sputum treatments?
Although a patient coughs, he may not be able to aspirate sputum even if it exists, because power is necessary to discharge sputum. Although cough medicine is often used to ease the pain of cough, a patient with sputum who has trouble to spitting it out should use expectorant first, not cough medicine. In addition to "posture drainage" methods expressed previously, pharmacotherapeutics, inhalation treatments, and supplying moisture and heat (while using hot water and thermal insulation to warm the bronchial areas of the body while preventing dehydration) can be combined for treatment. When infections combine with other sicknesses, an appropriate antibiotic should be used.
Q51. What about the opinion that "3 months is the goal of secondary bronchitis treatment"?
A pneumoconiosis handbook cites "sputum consisting of 1/3 pus" for sputum conditions. Although it is a necessary condition seen in making the entry,there is no indication of a period of this stated view of a 3 month goal. In the following terms, clinically accurate treatment principles are not kept.
Q52. What is the significance of cardiopulmonary function strength?
Pneumoconiosis brings long term disorders affecting cardiopulmonary function. Lack of exercise due to shortness of breath leads to a spiraling decline of muscular power which in turn leads to worsened dyspnea in this vicious circle. Gymnastic exercises are necessary for sputum discharge, and posture drainage regimens should be rigidly enforced.
Q53. What is the significance of early detection and treatment of complications?
Pneumoconiosis can produce cardiac diseases, collagen diseases and many types of malignant diseases while producing cancer in internal organs in many cases. Because lung function is injured with this disorder, its influence is great. Even if the disease responds to treatment, there is no possibility of surgery to correct problems arising from lowered lung functions and all the while complicating infections can break out in the patient. Enabling treatment effectively during workmen's accident compensation is an important treatment policy.
(F) Pneumoconiosis' control classification decision procedure
Q54. How do you actually advance a pneumoconiosis control classification decision procedure?
Presence and contents of pneumoconiosis symptoms, confirmation of labor in a mine dust environment, X-ray examinations, lung function examinations, body condition examination, and examinations of fundamental advances of the disease with diagnostic processes in proper clinical and pathological forms.
Q55. What about pneumoconiosis' symptoms in control classification decision?
Rasping cough, sputum, shortness of breath, palpitation etc.
Q56. How do you confirm cough in control classification decisions?
Is there a chronic cough? Especially, in winter for 3 months, whether or not the cough continues every day can be confirmed. Because there is such an examination table, I record this information in it. It is not limited to winter in every case, necessarily, and it may not be present every day, though I record these conditions also.
Q57. How do you confirm sputum in control classification decisions?
Is it chronic? Whether winter or not, a daily rate for 3 months can be confirmed easily. Because there is such an examination table, I record this information there. Limited not only to winter, it may not persist every day, but that information is also recorded. The conditions are important in recording the nature of sputum. Color should be recorded as yellow, green, brown, etc.; the presence or absence of pus is also important. In the Miller and Jones classification, principally more than P1 is assessed as adjustment, as shown in Q58. Nevertheless, depending on the situation, some germs are classified into M even if they have significant germs. Therefore, the result of germ incubation (sputum culture) is also an important material for estimation.
Q58. What are Miller and Jones classifications?
It is used in legal evaluation of sputum adopted with pneumoconiosis law.
                M1 Pure mucus sputum that does not include pus
                M2 Viscous sputum liquid that has a little pus content
                P1 Mucopurulent pus containing 1 degree sputum (pus is less than 1/3 of sputum)
                P2 Mucopurulent pus containing 2 degree sputum (pus is 1/3 to 2/3 or less of sputum)
                P3 Mucopurulent pus containing 3 degree sputum (pus is 2/3 or more of sputum)
              Quantity is 0=0
                    1=Less than 3
                    2=3 or more, less than 10
                    3=10 or more
           Although the pneumoconiosis handbook cites existence of sputum only,
           it is not a problem to also enter measured quantity.
Q59. How to evaluate shortness of breath?
Shortness of breath at rest differs from time of action, so ask about this. Determine dyspnea with the Hugh-Jones classification. (Q31 reference)
Q60. How is palpitation evaluated?
When it occurs at rest or during time of action, in cases of strong heart disorder, strong oxygen insufficiency at time of action palpitation causes difficulties of reduced oxygen and heart function. We always confirm a patientfs symptoms every month according to the appointed items, including gpalpitation at resth, by which you can also detect cardiopulmonary changes.
Q61. What are pneumoconiosis diagnostic procedures in pneumoconiosis law?
Mine dust inhalation records, chest X-rays, lung function, and body situation are basis items.
Q62. What is confirmation of mine dust inhalation records?
In pneumoconiosis law, that "mine dust" exists in the work environment is a fundamental item. For pneumoconiosis law according to the attached table, mine dust workplace is indicated. In addition to presence of mine dust, there are pits, mines, construction sheds, etc. While consulting them, do not attach too much importance to position. For example, they predominantly consider that a mine dust workplace must be indoor or a tunnel interior. However, even if patients have worked outdoors, where they always possibly inhale dust, we should consider that they have gmine dust inhalation recordsh. Even if they are excluded by the pneumoconiosis law, it is wrong to immediately cease examination because there may be alternative by which they can be designated occupational disease by the Labor Standards Law. Causative substances are not limited to the most frequent silicic acid, but include also various metal particles, organic dusts, etc. that by their nature also cause pneumoconiosis. In later years, I am going to announce mine dust substance inhalation records. Employment proof of the company and training course notebooks, etc. become a reference.
Q63. What are the basics of chest x-ray handling?
"The granular shadow", "the unresolved shade", "A large shade", "the attendance view" become objects of reading an image.
Q64. What about reading images of "granular shadow"?
This is a pneumoconiosis nodule or an image of one forming. Style ‡Tto style ‡Vare in comparison with standard film 1, 2,3. I estimate.
Q65. What about reading images of "an irregular model shade"?
What is shown is thought to be irregular model shading showing lesion quality in the lung. Even this is determined in comparison with standard film 1,2,3. Even in the reticulated image, gland state shadows and beehive shapes can be viewed by X-ray.
Q66. What about reading images of "a large shade"?
In cases of the large shade, style ‡W is a large shade (1 cm diameter or more), A is total diameter of 5 cm or less, B is between A size and total area of 1/3 of 1 side lung, C are cases with areas exceeding 1/3 of 1 side lung field.
Q67. What about reading images of attendance view?
In attendance view there are: pleura view (pl), pleura calcification (plc), cardiac abnormality of size and/or shape (co), bullae or bleb (bu),cave (cv), emphysema (em), egg shell state calcification (es), cancer (ca),pneumothorax (px), and tuberculosis (tb).
Q68. What about lung function positioning in pneumoconiosis law?
It is used as evidence of subjective symptoms. In old pneumoconiosis law,pneumoconiosis is related to strong symptoms arising from laborious work. Although the load test was adopted, it disappears from the strong case of the burden and present law and "flow volume" that is assumed when respiratory disorder is detected early and shift was introduced. The former spirogram is primarily used and arterial blood gas analysis has come to be evaluated secondarily.
Q69. What about evaluating percentage vital capacity?
All lung capacity inside the thoracic cavity is called "total lung capacity" and insofar as it depends on breathing, the volume where a patient is not able to evacuate is called "residual volume", the quantity that is subtracted from "total lung capacity". The part, which is able to breathe and is active, is called gvital capacity.h When exerting an effort or length of time to use some capacity of the lung, that capacity is "strained vital capacity". Inhaling slowly, one calculates only "vital capacity". Generally in a normal adult, although both capacities are almost the same, with age and sickness, both can sometimes show large value differences. In respiratory organ disorders, there is obstruction of respiration if the use of residual volume increases and shifts with a maximum effort to "vital capacity", which is assumed to be surpassed by "strained vital capacity". With the one second rate, a larger value should be taken. With standard values calculated by sex, height, we might compare percentage vital capacity. Generally, we will find variance within 20% of normal ranges. Then, although the small vital capacity is naturally a matter of concern, even if it is large, you can not always feel relieved. As stated previously, the presence of obstructive damage makes it difficult to remove it.
Q70. What about evaluation of "a remarkable lung functional disorder" standard by percentage vital capacity?
Pneumoconiosis nodule formation and lung hardening by fiberization of lung and swelling becomes worse. That in turn leads to a decrease of vital capacity. That is to say that the percentage vital capacity will decrease.
Q71. What is the "1 second rate"?
To "vital capacity", expiration curve in which I called for with maximum effort, quantity for the first one second is the one that is expressed with the ratio of "vital capacity". "Vital capacity" is two measured values (slow exhale and fast exhale) using the larger. This estimates the fast walk and slope walk time estimates that depend on breathing, and comparatively thick bronchus guidelines are also estimated.
Q72. What about evaluation of "a remarkable lung functional disorder" standard depending on the one second rate?
Respiratory disorders, in relatively congested cases, are evaluated in one-second intervals for vital capacity output. In the global guideline, GOLD ? which has been used recently for COPD, the one-second amount is regarded as important, and % one-second amount for normal value is garnering attention. In the pneumoconiosis law, however, the one-second rate remains the subject to be evaluated. The pneumoconiosis handbook shows standard values according to sex and age, by which the levels of lung functional damages (F+, F++) are described.
Q73. What is V25/height?
For small bronchus, when exhaling with effort, we estimate each lung's capacity by recording expiration speed of a running fluid (flow volume curve), flowing in this way and evaluated at several points as the speed of a running fluid value. From the beginning of expiration to the 3/4 exhaled point it is unlikely for the quantity of effort to influence action, and at the end of bronchi, obstruction is made artificially for the experiment. By inspection of the decreased speed of running fluid, we can gather useful data. When using greatest expiration effort especially, the descent foot part of the expiration curve agrees, and when effort is cut we see a return of V25 etc. to good values. Its dominant, general position looks like the reason for using this inspection.
Q74. What about evaluation of "a remarkable lung functional disorder" standard that depends on V25/height?
In pneumoconiosis law, with running fluid values, evaluate the degree of disordered peripheral bronchus. In accordance with standard that is determined for every sex, and age, "A remarkable functional disorder =F++" "=F+" is estimated.
‚pQ75. What is AaDO2?
Comprehensively considering alveolus and respiratory upon it, it is the guideline of a gas exchange. Oxygen and carbon dioxide gas quantities in the blood will change with ventilation, with values changing according to the following formula: the quantity of atmospheric oxygen in (149) - oxygen that was spent to produce carbon dioxide gas remaining in the blood (PaCO2/0.83), oxygen in blood accord with the quantity of (PaO2), by calculation with this simple formula. Generally, it is found by 149-PaO2-PaCO2/0.83.
Q76. What is evaluation of lung functional disorder by AaDO2?
Finally, by sex and age, a standard on pneumoconiosis law is determined and subsequent values of F++ F+ are determined
Q77. What is the relation between X-ray picture, lung function and control classification?

  a) X-ray classification style 1 + no remarkable lung functional disorder is control classification 2
  b) X-ray classification style 2 + no remarkable lung functional disorder is control classification 3 ƒC
  c) X-ray classification style 3 + no remarkable lung functional disorder is control classification 3 ƒ
  d) X-ray classification style 4A + no remarkable lung functional disorder is control classification 3 ƒ
  e) X-ray classification style 4 B+ no remarkable lung functional disorder is control classification 3 ƒ
  f) X-ray classification style 4 C + no remarkable lung functional disorder is control classification 4
  g) X-ray classification style 1+ with remarkable lung functional disorder is control classification 4
  h) X-ray classification style 2+ with remarkable lung functional disorder is control classification 4
  i) X-ray classification style 3+ with remarkable lung functional disorder is control classification 4
Q78. What do you view in body situation examinations?
I examine the situation at the time of medical examination, for example, the patient's way of walking (condition of dyspnea), the situation of sputum, although I also can usually observe edema, cyanosis (blue disease) which is one reflection of low oxygen, and especially stick finger (a stubbiness resulting from chronic low oxygen - a decrease in the angle in the fingertip and fingernail).
(G) Complications in pneumoconiosis law
Q79. What are there?
Six symptoms, such as secondary bronchitis, tuberculosis, tubercular pleurisy, secondary pneumothorax, and secondary bronchiogenic lung cancer, are determined by present law.
Q80. What is secondary bronchitis?
Pneumoconiosis law prescribes this specific phrase. According to law, in dust related tuberculosis emergencies that have already occurred are obviously irreversible lesions, but further "bacterial infection" bronchitis can be prevented or cured by treatment. Dirty sputum from bacterial infections and pus containing sputum (more than P1 with Miller & Jones classification) in early morning (from rising time), if there is 3ml in one hour, should be recognized as a complication from pneumoconiosis. Introducing it with another clause, it stems from limit of this "the coined word name of disease" and immune agent infection. It is probable that there are cases where there is not necessarily pus containing sputum, early morning dehydration, with lesser sputum quantity, because there may be case where the original sputum quantity standard of 10ml or over is good to enter. I myself am experiencing an example of just such an actual entry.
Q81. What about tuberculosis?
Before, there was "dust tuberculosis", there were many persons with multiple conditions. Even as I took charge of the tuberculosis ward at the hospital,I encountered pneumoconiosis. Now, because of the decreased incidence of tuberculosis itself, such an expression has disappeared. However during pneumoconiosis treatment, in resulting increase of periodic sputum growth "latent acid fast bacteria" is found structurally. In bacteria, although in translation there are many conditions that are not tuberculosis, even tuberculosis occasionally appears. In this case, if tuberculosis treatment is necessary, it can be treated as a complication. Sputum quantity is even standard following secondary bronchitis so there is not a problem.
Q82. What is tubercular pleurisy?
Although it is natural that there are many cases of outpatient or mobile tuberculosis, there is no resulting view of lung X-rays and it is also possible that it should be doubted only with pleura. Inspection of sputum, pleural inspection and abdominal biopsy might be necessary for complete diagnosis.
Q83. What is secondary pneumothorax?
Pneumothorax are classified as spontaneous and secondary. The former is probably a congenital cyst that was formed after the destruction in babyhood of bulla and bleb, and the latter is by external injury occurring with other causes. If pneumothorax has onset after an intense cough, surgical treatment and medical treatment fees necessitate its listing as a complication. This disease is mentioned as the terminal stage of serious pneumoconiosis patients.
Q84. What is secondary bronchiectasis?
Bronchiectasis is, in addition to occurrence from congenital causes, a process of recovery from pneumonia onset in babyhood that develops to secondary tuberculosis. Especially, chronic and abundant sputum and pus containing sputum are shown, making this condition difficult to distinguish from pneumoconiosis itself. Even disregarding a general X-ray photograph, although contrasting it for necessity of absolute diagnosis with the bronchus before, at the present moment for treating more inspections with less burden, I think that there are many cases that can be diagnosed by CT. As a result of pneumoconiosis, although it can coexist, in those cases where it does, it should develop into the former and produce secondary bronchiectasis. However, they are scarcely taken up in the scene of clinics or designation.
Q85. What about lung cancer?
The relation between pneumoconiosis and lung cancer has been variously discussed. It had been classified into more than control classification 3. The next year it was done into more than control classification 2. Finally, I has been treated as a complication even in this country, which has been unwilling to introduce the idea long after IARC decided. Nevertheless, patients are provided with a medical treatment (including diagnosis) allowance as a complication of pneumoconiosis while they are required to have a health checkup by pocketbook per year. Some confusion remains because procedures differ depending on jurisdiction.
(H) Medical treatment on pneumoconiosis workmen's accident
EOutline of pneumoconiosis treatment
Q86. What is basic thought of pneumoconiosis treatment?
From characteristics of pneumoconiosis, principles of treatment should be "avoid further increased loads of mine dust" to try hard to halt progression and not bring about an irreversible shift and rather "use physiotherapy" for maintenance of functions that remain and try to build strength by "enantiopathy", ease the pain of daily life and try to improve difficulties however it is possible.
Q87. What are main treatments of pneumoconiosis?
        ERemove mine dust and cigarettes from the environment
        EStrengthen cardiopulmonary function
        ETreat cough
        EDrainage and discharge sputum
        EChemotherapy
        ETreatment of complications if necessary
Q88. What about mine dust and cigarettes?
As it describes the middle of control classification, to avoid mine dust inhalation work environment as much as possible, and to decrease smoking not only of the patient, but of family and colleagues as they influence the patient by so-called indirect smoking. Home heating exhaust and even inhalation of road mine dust should receive some preventive attention.
Q89. What is a strength plan of cardiopulmonary function?
As long as pneumoconiosis is indeed a disorder of the cardiopulmonary function, it will require a regimen of exercise due to shortness of breath and decline of muscular power of the body of the patient. The diseased person will come to realize a greater dyspnea, becoming easier to become a vicious circle. Gymnastics for sputum discharge throughout the day and posture drainage should be rigidly enforced.
Q90. What about cough treatment?
Coughs consume of extremely great amounts of energy (waste) and are one symptom of great pain. Exhaustion of quite a lot energy is apparent. A main cause of cough is "discharge of sputum", although it is not good to give cough stopping suddenly, in times of little sputum and to prevent exhaustion especially at nighttime, administration of a cough suppressant cough medicine is necessary.
Q91. What is a plan of sputum discharge promotion?
Exertion to ease sputum discharge. In addition to "posture drainage", as expressed before, there are pharmacotherapeutics, inhalation treatments,moisture supply combined with overheating preventives, thermal insulation, and dehydration of the bronchus by hot water. When infectious diseases emerge, an appropriate antibiotic should be used.
Q92. What are your thoughts on chemotherapy (antibiotic) administration?
Q93. What about early detection and treatment of complications?
Pneumoconiosis is a cause of heart and collagen disease. Additionally, I already expressed that it has produced internal organ cancer a lot, because lung function is disordered and the influence great, even after surgery on operative diseases in early stages, there are cases where low lung function renders surgery or further surgery impossible. Even that enables treatment effectively during workmen's accident compensation and it is an important treatment policy.

(I) Problems of pneumoconiosis law and application
Q94. What about the idea that secondary bronchitis "gets better in 3 months"
As I expressed in place of relation of secondary bronchitis and chronic bronchitis, because it is a coined word brought forth into pneumoconiosis law, how much time it takes to get well medically is a case without fit in the first place. In previous definitions of pneumoconiosis, existence of chronic bronchitis, if seen from its essential points, are chronic cough and sputum at the heart of pneumoconiosis. Assumptions about time lost in workmen's accident authorization becomes an issue because symptoms fade away only with time and difficulty. Actually, if we interpret 'secondary', as "complications of bacterial infection i.e. pus containing sputum", by using anti-inflammatory antibiotics, bacterial infection might improve in several days, but with chronic inflammation by avirulent bacteria over several years, there are cases of persons who see pus containing sputum. 'Secondary bronchitis' indicates that one does not want to make cough and sputum of pneumoconiosis the object of necessary medical treatment and is a "political judgment that at one stroke brought forth" the name of a new disease. At least, the interpretation that it "gets well in 3 months" seems to be quite off target.
Q95. Isn't "control classification" a classification of "healthy conditions" and not a classification of a "disorder"?
I think that one point is that pneumoconiosis law differs largely with workmen's accident authorization of other occupational diseases. I see from the fact of "progress after occupation resignation" that we are finding a real proof, in "Control classification 2", "Reassignment for reduction of mine dust", "Control classification 3 ƒC" measure called for "Reassignment for separation from a mine dust workplace" is slight progress of pneumoconiosis and we may call that a guidance classification. Also, control classifications of pneumoconiosis law, because they are mainly by classification of density of "X-ray photographs", other symptoms and inspection results are relatively slighted. Even if observing only X-ray photographs, the intention of which is showing an original fibrous shift or interstitial tuberculosis shift, although it is translated to records as an unresolved shade in pneumoconiosis law, because it is in the trend that is slighted, even this point degree of "disorder" can be said to insufficiently reflect it. Further speaking, the pain of the pneumoconiosis patient,although it shows most conspicuously at the time of laborious work, in evaluation of lung function, arterial blood gas analysis is shown most, and it is at inspection at the time of rest and standard of the alveolus and arterial blood range (AaDO2), because it is especially too severe (mean value +3 times standard deviation), it is not worse than for a patient of home oxygen treatment, and even "remarkable lung function" has points that are not authorized, such that it has not been able to become a justifiable "disorder classification".
Q96. What is "necessary medical treatment" for damages?
In control classification 4, even in comparison of cases of usual respiratory organ diseases, conditions can be said to cause much "damage" with quite a lot of serious wounds. "The large shade" in X-rays shows already formed small pneumoconiosis bodies in the middle of the lung, and quite a number are fused while fibrotic changes conditions advance. "Necessary medical treatment" are according to 3 standards that refer to lung function - percentage vital capacity, 1 second rate, and V25. In percentage vital capacity, it is less than 60% - although the standard is shown with sex and age implied in the rate, 1 second at about 50% is associated with strongly with pathological shortness of breath, Corpulmonale, and is regarded at study meetings as having a severe standard of value in many generations. V25 is a flowchart of pneumoconiosis law application and clearly, although it shows "a remarkable disorder" as an evaluation, it is not that it is applied to such an extent in reality. With controls, and a few "secondary bronchitis" it evaluates "necessary medical treatment". Although it is "a coined word" as shown in Q93, there is a chronic cough and sputum and in addition, even with normal walking, in addition to the situation that one is able to walk finally with fairly restricted speed (3 or more with a so-called Hugh Jones classification),dirty sputum comes out every day and because it becomes a condition requiring antibiotics, and one could conclude that even this constitutes quite a lot of "damage". When I examine a patient, after all, pneumoconiosis is most considered when there is much dirty sputum. Although it arises from pneumoconiosis law standards, white colored sputum and even small quantities of sputum are difficult to discharge. Therefore, for the reason that there are patients who suffer only coughing, it follows that we may still have cases requiring "necessary medical treatment" basically.
Q97. What about the view that Japanese X-ray image diagnosis is less strict than ILO classification and that this results in increased patients?
Many physicians currently record diagnosis along pneumoconiosis law of Japan and request judgment according to "pneumoconiosis image standards" of our country recommend by the Ministry of Labor (central disaster prevention organization), for trial and other legal work. They then compare it to non-Japanese ILO "pneumoconiosis image standards" and then proceed to comment on the fairly loose Japanese standards; this is an absurd argument without merit. If one has such an opinion, they should make a proposal to change image standards to the Japanese Ministry of Labor, and should cease focus of criticism on the physician who diagnoses along the brstandards.

Clarification of standards with several foreign countries in hopes of compromising with them, and even cross training through a central pneumoconiosis examination is carried out by using the standard photograph of Japan, in trial etc., but it is unfair to assert that Japanese standards are "an easy standard" and produce excess pneumoconiosis patients than from an international standard. At a conference held in Kyoto in 1997 with U. S. radiation academy sponsorship (Developed along ILO standards) in film conferences, while evaluating X-rays classification in Japan with whole density, both lung fields were each divided into 6 ILO areas and many participants there expressed their views of the images, in evaluation from Japanese physicians, there were many cases where the diagnosis of ILO instructors was strict. Also, about the so-called unresolved shade,Japanese physicians slights it and frequently I received corrective instruction. Half of the lecture, even if I saw points of asbestos in lungs and unresolved shade, either of which is driving to 1/0 and 0/1 classifications, unresolved shade (interstitial lesion) I thought that reexamination might be best. To the question of "how our country reads them too much or not", operation committee members on the Japanese side answered that, "when authorized once there is no exit, pneumoconiosis law is now considered well and acted upon". Although I should say that the opinion attached to X-ray photo reading shadow technology of pneumoconiosis law cases and image diagnosis is difficult even though it is possible within other internal organs and technology. The figure of the subject, by breathing condition, machine, film, and development conditions naturally fluctuate and make image quality unstable. However, for example, if it is 1/1 or more with granular shadow, the physician of the respiratory organs family engage in X-ray image reading shadow, usually the physician first thinks that existence is mistaken. Even more so for light conditions, if a physician suspects pneumoconiosis, he or she should shoot the x-ray again or refer the case to an x-ray specialist. Because the lung includes many air spaces and has thickness, a limitation of one two dimensional image may be too simple for original diagnosis. Particularly, in addition to high compression images that are called for, I take lower compression images and as occasion demands, even cross sections or even CT so that I can evaluate the situation in detail. It stands on each effort and becomes the responsibility of the physician in charge so that when stricter diagnosis on a workmen's accident is lowered, in pneumoconiosis law, district pneumoconiosis examination, and medical X-ray photograph that are submitted without fail are interpreted in a plural mechanism. Even if determination of examination practices differs with the physician in charge, the judgment of central pneumoconiosis examination joins and gives priority to judgment of the physician on the side of the labor administration, and the classification decision is done. Standards of the physician in charge bring many pneumoconiosis cases to trial as has been mentioned repeatedly. Whether or not aforementioned mechanisms are part of ignorant misunderstanding is perhaps too political a comment.
Q98. What about the opinion that V25/height inspection is meaningless for pneumoconiosis authorization?
Probably because the V25/height number is detailed, correct understanding of clinical pneumoconiosis medical treatment and lung function is in a weak trend. Even in trial testimony, we see evaluation by V25/height, but instability or abnormality arise too often in pneumoconiosis patients, and I see that speaking about it is difficult. First of all, stability comes when methods are implemented neatly and also from stable values in our institutions. As for many machines, flow volume is displayed as the figure,so we should understand whether it was done justifiably. For several inspections we should adopt a similar value, for in doing so we can gain quite a lot of stability and standardization. Next, about "frequent abnormalities", conversely speaking, for many pneumoconiosis patients, this inspection shows many respiratory disorders. There is the assertion that standards that the Ministry of Labor presents now are too soft in interpretation, although it is put out well even in trials, by The Japanese Respiratory Society, and in 1993 by the Japan Society of Chest Diseases at that time, and by many other institutions throughout the whole country, so that a shift in pneumoconiosis law standards would bring severe results. "Lack of effort on the part of the patient gives rise to bad results", is an assertion aimed for an utterly ignorant audience. Flow volume is a principle for power in exhalation. However I truncate it, the last descent foot (appearing independent to effort) the curve almost agrees. This point is confirmed even in animal experiments, and anyone reading this could demonstrate it. A more important case from when I truncated the effort for vital capacity is maintained in the second half, and it is in an improving trend. This point is demonstrable with patients. That there are many opinions without understanding this is very strange.
Q99. What about evaluation of "remarkable disorder" of lung functionally done with arterial blood gas analysis?
This inspection is typically positioned with the secondary examinations of V25. In the first place, these two inspections are useful for detection of different lesions. One is to verify the other inspections. About severity of AaDO2 standards, although mentioned in Q94, probably in respiratory organs medical treatment, for physicians treating respiratory deficiency, if I see standards of alveolus arterial blood oxygen range at time of rest, it is easy to understand the standards' severity. When deciding the standard unlike other items, we calculate a standard deviation of 3 times the mean value. Pneumoconiosis pain during laborious work and measurement with the arterial blood at rest together makes for a strange standard. We are a little insensitive to oxygen saturation degree as a guideline, by using a machine measuring percutaneous oxygen saturation degree while observing conditions of walking and and climbing and descending stairs, I am seeing one patient who drops more fairly than the oxygen partial pressure at time of rest. While inserting introduction of such an inspection in the view,arterial blood oxygen partial pressure at rest and at laborious work, time of body movement as an examination of condition, I wonder whether we might quickly lessen our reliance on such standards.
Q100. What about respiratory hypersensitivity?
dyspnea of pneumoconiosis, not to mention asthma, is unfairly discounted. Respiratory hypersensitivity is seen with various diseases. Even at stages without typical asthmatic spasms, respiratory hypersensitivity exists in cold with "stridor" where we sometimes see dyspnea. A pneumoconiosis patient who has "stridor" and even chronic one and those who only show symptoms during colds, etc. are often seen. Needless to say, asthma exists and reacts to mine dust environments, although it is nonexistent even in cases of pneumoconiosis. As for many, it happens that "respiratory hypersensitivity" adds to pneumoconiosis and "stridor". In such situations,the Astograph at an early checkup is extremely beneficial for prevention because it does not reach to model spasms. In respiratory hypersensitivity diagnosed by Astograph, there is "sensitivity acceleration" and "reaction nature acceleration" and without typical asthma spasm being seen in time,all pneumoconiosis patients with stridor should have Astograph implemented. Needless to say, although it is not because of testimony by an excellent physician in certain trials, the "Astograph, while it has a place with certain research, is meaningless in place of clinical work (including even diagnosis and medical treatment of pneumoconiosis)", it is what we observed. This physician, from some academic assertion, calls for trial in a narrow societal sense, though I am not able to agree as it differs with fact. Because dyspnea accompanies even pneumoconiosis itself, correspondence to respiratory hypersensitivity is important to avoid stronger dyspnea.
Q101. What about recognizing lung cancer as a complication other than control 4?
The complications of pneumoconiosis@As described in Q 85, lung cancer had not been officially acknowledged as@a complication of pneumoconiosis until 2003. For that reason, some documents written@before 2003 became outdated. However, we refer to them as well to inform the reader about the process by which that connection was acknowledged.
In our continuing work with pneumoconiosis medical treatment, we encounter lung cancer in many situations. Even in epidemiological surveys, the problem is conspicuously more significant than expected or reported values. At a Ministry of Labor related hospital which participated two times in a survey of the workmen's accident hospitals at 10 institutions, because it was result that there are clearly many lung cancers; it should be good even if it is receiving and making the most of point administration. In trials and other legal work that involves lung cancer, defendant corporations and government bodies will reject influence of cigarettes without effective evidence from animal experiments. When speaking of cigarettes, most cases of lung cancer in heavy smokers result from squamous cancer cells overwhelming the system, in cellular lung cancer that merges with pneumoconiosis, it can do so in such proportion that adenocarcinoma is seen in many reports, so this is not an effective objection. Also, in foreign mines in countries with low smoking rates, even the point that there are reports of a lung cancer merger are similar. In animal experiments by an international cancer research organization in 1997 (IRCA), "Work related trans-tracheal disclosure of crystallized silica classifies as a carcinogenic substance in the human body" was announced in an important finding. This report came after examining many reports to get at the truth on the basis of 57 epidemiology surveys and 36 animal experiments in 16 countries that were assumed to be effective, and it required quite a lot of text (coming to 500 pages of English language text). For this announcement, "This report is only the collection of one-sided opinions of a researcher" "In 1997 Kyoto International Occupational Council concerned with scholarship invited many criticisms" with the "view" that "pneumoconiosis authorities in our country (people who appear not to be lung cancer specialists)" although where the government testifies on the side of physician witness, testified in the form of trial written opinion. "IRCA" is an official organ of WHO and this report covers a significant amount of time and is based on prudent examination, not to mention that cigarettes, known to be carcinogenic, can exist simultaneously in an environment with radon and other chemicals. With sloppy and emotional arguments scorning this report, it is assumed to be frowned upon internationally. Over a fairly long time, clinically we have seen many lung cancer complications with pneumoconiosis treatment, and action in the direction of early compensation needs to be materialized. In the first place, why lung cancer has authorization limited to pneumoconiosis patients of control level 4, is not explained. That cases less than control level 3 of pneumoconiosis patients are not authorized for complication has no a basis on pneumoconiosis law. But, in trial, "insufficient epidemiological survey" is asserted, and when demonstrated with many surveys, the opinion that "animal experiments are insufficient" has been put forth. It is hoped that with the opportunity of the current official report of IARC, executive measures acknowledging that early stage "lung cancer is complication of pneumoconiosis" will be advanced.
Q102.What is CR?
CR has been introduced in many medical facilities. In @@@@, government notification of pneumoconiosis petition is announced by this law. However, considerably many institutions, without examining the notification, began to buy the appliances for CR and operate them. Subsequently, the CR images were not approved as images that were appropriate for petition inspection. Some medical equipment firms sold them without mentioning that notification or persuaded medical facilities to introduce them based on spurious information that they would be approved soon. During the short course of the pulmonary silicosis laborersf hospital, such rumors as "regulations for CR use will be deregulated by the next notification" were provided as information; in actuality, it turned out to be reinforced. The present regulation is the following: [@@@@] Certainly, when we tentatively obtained images using three types of CR picture elements, the highest type of them yielded images in which even healthy subjects seemed as if they suffered from pneumoconiosis. For that reason, a certain criterion for CR should be demanded. Thereafter, the administration must completely disclose information and provide administrative guidance for the medical industry so that they have no bad effect, either on medical facilities or on patients. The administration should summarize the situation well and thereby administer the remedy.
Q103.What is CT?
As explained above, while pneumoconiosis nodules and interstitial tissue changes are mainly seen as the disease state of pneumoconiosis, emphysematous change is manifested, too. Seeing those lesions on flat plates, we sometimes find that the thickness of the thoracic cage, 20 cm, distorts X-ray photographs through interference or offsetting of one another. Therefore, CT is required to provide a more accurate diagnosis technique. We have used CT for a long time to obtain quality diagnosis of pneumoconiosis. It has been useful, especially for diagnosing such low-level findings as q1/0, 0/1, p1/0, 0/1. The results are carefully double-checked by examining them with radiologists of the affiliated medical facilities. Indeed, until some years ago, the cases in which obvious findings of pneumoconiosis were (or apparently were) provided by flat plates also used to be approved if they had some accompanying findings by CT. However, for 4?5 years, CT has been deemed "obsolete" for such purposes on the grounds that pneumoconiosis cannot be acknowledged only through a CT finding. (Exceptionally, some petitions were repeated and then accepted.) By the way, a doctor who gave an educational lecture on pneumoconiosis at a Japanese Respiratory Society made an answer to the question of whether or not CT can be used in determining the control classification of pneumoconiosis, definitely saying, "The use of CT is not permitted by the existing law. So, as long as it is denied by flat plates, no case can be diagnosed as pneumoconiosis, irrespective of CT findings." Notwithstanding, that opinion cannot be in agreement with the disease state of pneumoconiosis and the X-ray characteristics. Indeed, that same doctor also said in a different commentary, "CT is absolutely essential for pneumoconiosis diagnoses. Diagnosis by flat plates cannot be approved as pneumoconiosis unless the diagnosis is established by CT." It is about time that authority should clarify the use of CT in the official acknowledgement of pneumoconiosis. At least, it is unconvincing that experts who must judge those problems choose their words to suit the contexts.
Q104. What is a periodic medical checkup and how often is it enforced?
These days some strange situations have constantly occurred in periodical medical checkups. Correspondingly, the inquiries have increased. First, electrocardiogram (ECG) inspection is not provided with the medical allowance. As described above, lungs are situated virtually surrounding the heart; both are closely involved mutually. Nevertheless, you cannot be paid using workersf compensation insurance claim. According to a two-year examination of 85 pneumoconiosis patients at my medical office, ECG showed normal records in only 9 patients (10.6%). Certainly, all abnormal records may be not related to pneumoconiosis itself, but a medical allowance for ECG inspections twice a year should be approved.
Although X-ray film examination of the chest must be conducted twice a year at most clinics, some suggest that once a year should be sufficient. When a question about it was made in the short course of pneumoconiosis image diagnosis at the pulmonary silicosis laborersf hospital, it is said that the "specialist" answered, "Once a year is sufficient." Among about 300 pneumoconiosis patients of the three clinics by our foundation, over 10% (the total number) have manifested lung cancer. Considering the other complications of pneumonia, pulmonary atelectasis, and tuberculosis (which can be diagnosed by symptoms and conditions if they are acute), X-ray examination every half-year is never too much.
At my clinic (belonging to Miyagi Welfare Association, an incorporated foundation), sputum examinations are conducted four times annually. With this examination, some also suggest that it should be sufficient that it be conducted twice a year. The "secondary bronchitis" termed in the pneumoconiosis law is considered as the complication of pneumoconiosis by infectious disease. If the case is diagnosed as acute by general practice, it will be commonly improved to some degree by appropriate medication with antibiotics. However, in cases of pneumoconiosis, speaking extremely, it is not uncommon that the patients suffer from "a chronic cold" or "chronic purulent sputum." As long as "chronic and acute animus" is frequently seen, generally speaking, it is essential to conduct sputum culture inspections four times annually. Though tuberculosis complications have been increasing over this two years, the more conspicuous is atypia acidophilic bacterium. Investigation in 2002 showed that it was detected among 52 of 250 subjects (20.8%). According to occupationally classified rates, it is detected among 20 of 55 tunnel construction workers (36.3%), 3 of 9 slate miners (33.3%), and 21 of 186 miners (10.7%). Of course, even if the atypia acidophilic bacterium is detected, it will not always be sufficiently infectious to manifest itself. Needless to say, it requires careful observation. It is very questionable to control the diagnostic criteria of pneumoconiosis only from the viewpoint of insurance-based financial difficulties while ignoring the background of the disease.